Research studies show that iodine can kill cancer cells and cancer stem cells, improve the oxygenation of cells, improve metabolic function and enhance the immune system in its search for rogue and pre-cancer cells. 88% of people have been shown to be seriously deficient in iodine on cancer diagnosis,
Having good iodine levels can reduce pathogen levels, and lower the risk of anaemia. Importantly, it can upregulate an inactive p53 gene so that it causes cancer cell death.Iodine deficiency is known to cause pre-cancerous fibrocystic disease, which can lead to breast cancer. Iodine supplementation can maintain breast health. Prostate cancer and colorectal cancer patients have also clear and recorded benefits from the supplementation of iodine.
Radioactive iodine is used to identify thyroid cancer.
Correct iodine deficiency in cancer
Having correct iodine levels is essential to human health and a shortage can lead to fatigue, poor thyroid function, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia (writes Oxford University Biochemist and CANCERactive founder Chris Woollams).
Low plasma iodine levels are also linked to a greater risk of cancer. In part, this is because iodine helps keep cellular oxygen levels up, and reduces levels of free radicals and toxins in the cell. Iodine is crucial in oxygen delivery to cells and is part of a healthy metabolism (10).
In one research study, 88% of cancer patients were found to have a severe deficiency of plasma iodine (11)..
Iodine is an antioxidant and immunomodulator. It inhibits pathways that cause inflammation. Iodine reduces cancer stem cell markers and causes cancer cell apoptosis. It also reduces chemoresistance (12), and even kills viruses, bacteria and yeasts on contact.
Breast cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer patients have clear and recorded benefits from the supplementation of iodine.
Perhaps the most notable benefit of iodine in cancer treatment is it's ability to upregulate p53. p53 is a protein - it is the 'Guardian of the genome', and the 'Guardian of the mitochondrial genome'. It has become deficient in at least 90% of cancers. p53 is the tumour suppressor gene, and because it has gone missing, tumours flourish. We have a major review on p53, and a review on compounds can reawaken it.
Iodine can induce apoptosis by upregulating p53 (13).The fact that iodine come promote ther correct functyioning of p53 was shown by researchers at Baylor School of Medicine in 2007 (14).
1. Why the deficiency in Iodine?
People who live in landlocked areas, tend to have lower plasma iodine areas.
But mainly the issue is that Iodine foods are not consumed in volume anymore by the majority of people.
* Iodine is found in sea fish and sea plants such as sea kelp and sea moss.
* iodine is not used in the processing of wheat anymore and is not now found in our daily bread.
* Instead, bromide is used – and bromide blocks iodine absorption and can even displace it from the thyroid!
* Chlorine and fluoride also block iodine absorption.
* Finally, when I was a boy, we used iodised table salt. This is not widely used anymore.
2. Iodine and your body
(i) Iodine and the immune system
Iodine is not just an essential element in human biochemistry. Iodine has antioxidant, antiseptic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help in the treatment of cancer. And iodine is increasingly being acknowledged to be anti-carcinogenic and have cell differentiation properties as well as being capable of causing apoptosis (cancer cell death).
Iodine binds to thyroxine and both can influence healthy mitochondria and red blood cell levels. It is a trace mineral and also a part of a healthy immune system.
(ii) Iodine and the Thyroid
Think of iodine and most people think of the thyroid gland, and little else. Iodine is essential for the proper function of this gland. Iodine is a chemical element. Normally, you absorb iodine as a salt, for example potassium iodide. In fact, nowhere in the body uses iodine directly. Your thyroid reduces iodine into iodide, which is used to build two hormones - thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) - 4 iodine molecules and 3 iodine molecules respectively. If the thyroid doesn't receive enough iodine, it can't make enough of these hormones, and the result is Hypothyroidism - result: fatigue, lowered metabolism, headaches, increased weight etc. If this is the case, the doctor MUST do a test to determine iodine levels before recommending treatment. Sadly, many doctors put the patient straight on to synthetic thyroxine supplementation. This is neglect.
Two American doctors wrote to us saying that they always test for low iodine, and find it in 80% or more of cases - only rarely do they need to provide thyroxine supplementation. Apparently, levels of iodine in the body in Americans have fallen 50% over the past 40 years. We have covered that synthetic thyroxine can be linked to increased risk of breast cancer. But women who haven't been tested for iodine deficiency run the risk of the double whammy - having low iodine AND taking a synthetic hormone that on its own can cause breast cancer risk!
Go To: Thyroxine supplementation and increased risk of breast cancer.
Radioactive iodine can be taken as capsules in order to identify problems in the thyroid, like thyroid cancer.
Low iodine levels are linked to Goiter; and Goiter incidence has epidemiological links to breast cancer incidence.
Another thyroid hormone, calcitonin, controls calcium metabolism in the body.
The thyroid is under the control of the pituitary gland, which is regulated by the hypothalamus. This means that emotions - fear, anxiety, stress, which generate neuropeptides and affect the hypothalamus, will, via the pituitary, affect the thyroid and can translate into metabolic changes in the body. It's part of the equation - how your mind can make you ill; how your mind can heal you.
Go to: How your mind can heal you
(iii) Other tissues contain iodine
Uptake of iodine does not just occur in the thyroid. Higher concentrations of iodine have been found in the following tissues: Salivary glands, stomach lining, tear ducts, eye, brain, spinal fluid and skin. Most interestingly, the transporters are well concentrated in the placenta, and lactating mammary gland (both to feed baby) and in the ovary, uterus, pancreas and prostate. Iodine on its own, or as part of thyroid hormone can enter cells where it is crucial to oxygen delivery and metabolism.
In the brain, thyroid hormones regulate neurotransmitters. Lack of iodine this causes poor communication between cells in the brain. Low iodine results in low serotonin levels and low dopamine levels in the brain.
3. Iodine deficiency and specific cancer types
* Breast Cancer and iodine
In early demographic studies (9), it was noted that in regions of low iodine consumption, women had higher rates of breast cancer, and in regions of higher iodine consumption, women had lower rates of breast cancer.
In laboratory tests, iodine has been shown to kill cancer cells and it acts in the body to enhance the immune system in its search for rogue and pre-cancer cells. Indeed, iodine deficiency is known to cause pre-cancerous fibrocystic disease, which can lead to breast cancer. Iodine supplementation can maintain breast health. Three clinical trials confirm this (2).
Dr. B.A. Eskin published more than 80 papers over a 30 year period showing that iodine deficiency was linked with an increased risk of both breast and thyroid cancer (3).
In rats, a group allowed free access to iodine had 37.5% less breast cancers than the group without such access.
In another Eskin study, this time with Stoddard, iodine was shown to inhibit the binding to oestrogen receptors and affect 43 genes involved in cell growth. Eskin showed that iodine altered gene expression and effected apoptosis (4).
* Prostate Cancer
Thyroid disease is associated with an increased prostate cancer risk (5). Iodine is concentrated in the prostate and is linked to the health of the organ according to the Canadian study. There were 29% less prostate cases in the group with high iodine, when compared with those men with low iodine.
Research has shown that prostate cancer cells take up iodine easily and it can cause apoptosis (2).
* Lung Cancer
Known to clear lung and airway congestion and even aid asthma sufferers, several studies have shown that supplementary iodine can increase apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Iodine has been tested with numerous cancer cell lines such as gliomas, pancreatic cancer and lung cancers. Studies have shown that iodine can inhibit growth and spread of cancer cell lines in vitro.
In 2021 research, lung cancer tumours with low average iodine density showed a greater risk of recurrence in human subjects (8).
* Colorectal and stomach cancers
People with Goiter are more than twice as likely to develop colorectal cancer as those without the disease.
A bile component, arachadonic acid, is known to be linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Iodine can bind to, and neutralise, this acid.
In the case of stomach cancer, urine samples showed that 49 per cent of patients had severe iodine deficiency (6).
In an epidemiology study, the use of iodised salt in Poland resulted in a marked decline in gastric cancers (7).
4. Low iodine and other illnesses
1. UNICEF is very clear – iodine deficiency during the early stages of pregnancy and in early childhood can lead to cretinism, stillbirth, miscarriage; and even mild deficiencies can cause a ‘significant loss of learning ability’. 1n 2012 more than 35 million newborns worldwide suffered brain damage due to iodine deficiency.
2. Goitre (Goiter) is a swelling of the neck due to a thyroid gland not functioning properly. About 9 in 10 cases worldwide are due to iodine deficiency. However, Goitre can be associated with hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism. Goitre may also result from selenium deficiency or even cyanide poisoning, as seen in some tropical countries where cyanide-rich cassava root is a staple food. Goitre is more common among women. Pockets of goiter existed until recently in the Western world – for example in Derbyshire, England and around the Great Lakes and in the mid-West of America (Wikipedia).
5. Antioxidant ability
To put iodine in context as an antioxidant, iodine is known to increase blood antioxidant capacity and to promote glutathione levels inside the microenvironment of the cell. Glutathione is known as the Master Antioxidant - it is known to counteract oxidants and free-radicals, and, in one study, was found to be 10 times more potent than vitamin C.
6. The cure for all ills?
The internet is full of people who tell of how iodine supplementation helped them rid their body of cysts, fibroids, fibrocystic breast tissue, bladder infections, Morton’s neuroma, endometriosis, tonsillitis, dry skin, dry hair, cracked nails, diabetes and more.
Iodine has substantive research to support its use in chronic problems with the airways (1).
7. Iodine deficiency symptoms
In adults, these include fatigue, headaches, muscle cramp, lowered mental capacity, brain fog, dry mouth, dry skin, brittle nails, loss of eyebrow hair, muscle pain, nodules, cysts, fibroids and fibromyalgia.
One related ‘illness’ - Hashimoto’s thyroiditis - is very complex and self-help with iodine treatment is potentially dangerous. Recent studies have shown it to be clinked to Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth or SIBO. But then 50% of people with poor thyroid function (Hypothyroidism) were shown in 2007 research to have SIBO. Levothyroxine seems to make matters worse according to a 2017 study. Iodine may make matters better or worse. Probiotics can also make SIBO worse.
Go to: Understanding the real issues in Hashimoto's
8. Natural sources of iodine
Natural sources include sea vegetables (like kelp, arame, wakame, hiziki and kombu), oysters, prawns, crab, mussels, sea fish, organic strawberries, cranberries, eggs, cheese and potatoes (especially in the skin).
It is always best to steam your shellfish to avoid parasitic infections.
Kelp provides by far the highest source of iodine – one serving can provide up to four times the RDA.
So how much is enough?
The answer to that is ’It depends who you listen to’. It is very poorly researched.
Okinawans consume 80-200 micrograms a day and have adequate plasma levels. The RDA is a very lowly figure – and measured in micrograms. The WHO recommend 100 micrograms per day. A number of health experts believe it to be totally inadequate. But there are potentially risks if you take too much.
The American FDA have imposed a limit on levels in sea kelp pills, which can contain up to 450 mcg per pill. They have decreed that the maximum dose per day should be 225 mcg.
In some countries the RDA is 150 micrograms for adults, increasing to 220 for pregnant women and 290 for lactating women. (Pregnant women who are deficient in oodine may produce babies whose metabolism or mental health is impaired.)
To put this in context, research from Japan suggests their average dietary intake is 13.8 mg per day! About 100 times higher! A number of Western health experts believe that level should be recommended in the West as we have far higher cancer rates than the Japanese.
The FDA recommend a daily dose of 165 mg in case of a Radiation emergency such as a nuclear event.
Clearly, there is a huge variation in daily levels recommended.
9. Supplements and testing
Sea Kelp or Sea Moss is relatively easy to obtain in supplement form, but must be pure and mercury-free, so it’s really not as simple as popping down the local store. A quality kelp from a quality supplier is crucial. This product will correct hormone levels.
Lugol’s oil, or solution: This has the two types of iodine that the body uses - iodine and iodide.
Often used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, it is a source of free iodine and was used with people around Chernobyl after the disaster. It is made in different potencies – e.g. 1%, 2% and 5%.
Nascent Iodine is the most bioavailable biochemically to the body. One, Ioderol, or Loderal from Optimox is in tablet form, and is recommended to be taken with magnesium and vitamin C. Nascent Iodine is also available in liquid form.
"If you are already thinking of supplementing with Iodine, you may like to see what Natural Selection has to offer by clicking here".
You can be tested by your Doctor for iodine deficiency.
An oft-quoted DIY 'test' for iodine deficiency that keeps cropping up is - Paint a 2-inch square patch of skin (for example the inside of your forearm) with Lugol's or nascent iodine. Let it dry – be careful, it will stain clothes! If the patch decreases or disappears, you supposedly need iodine supplementation. The test is not perfect but works for most people.
Taking iodine as a liquid orally sometimes can cause gut issues; and may stain your teeth.
10. Iodine depletion
This is an important issue. As we alluded to above, the following may deplete your iodine levels:
Bromine: Most common sources are pesticides and fumigants, plastic packaging, drugs, and soft drinks and baked products. Bromides are now added to flour; whereas iodine was added to bread prior to the 1980s.
Fluoridation and chlorine: Both displace iodine in the body – so water supplies can deplete iodine levels as can a variety of in-home compounds from plastic packaging to toothpaste, mouthwash and flame retardants and per-chlorates.
Soil depletion: Iodine is a trace mineral. Soil depletion reduces its already low volumes.
Declining consumption of iodine-rich foods like oysters, prawns, sea fish, eggs and iodised salt.
Conclusions - Iodine and Cancer
Chris Woollams, former Oxford University Biochemist and a founder of CANCERactive said, "Iodine deficiency, thyroid performance and cancer - while any one study can be questioned, when you review all of them, there is little doubt. We no longer consume enough iodine; chemicals from fluoride in our water supplies to bromide in our bread can block its function; yet it is crucial for a healthy metabolism, a healthy brain, pathogen-free cells and tumour suppression".
"There is a clear disagreement on how much you should take, with health experts such as Dr. Guy Abraham recommending that we all adopt Japanese levels.
Certainly, if you have cancer it would be well worth ensuring you have an adequate intake. But then many minerals, especially trace minerals seem in short supply in cancer patients.
It is important to note that on the Internet there are vast numbers of anecdotal stories of how increasing iodine levels overcame all manner of illnesses, including cancer. Frankly, far more than with any other ‘health compound’ – be it B17 or vitamin D.
I think it might be worth having your thyroid hormones levels checked if you have cancer - alternatively, you could have your iodine and selenium levels checked. There is also the belief 'Once on synthetic thyroid hormone, that's it for life'. While that might be true if Hashimoto's or lymphocytic thyroiditis caused nodules or goitres on the thyroid, the vast majoity of patients on synthetic thyroid hormone, were never tested for their iodine levels. This is poor practice. If someone has fatigue, weight gain and general fog in their life, it could simply be a lack of iodine and/or selenium causing low iodine production. We have seen several people wean themselves off it recently following a Personal Prescription for their cancer."
Go to: Personal Prescriptions for cancer patients - Patient Feedback
"If you are already thinking of supplementing with Iodine, you may like to see what Natural Selection has to offer by clicking here."
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References
1. Bernecker C. Acta Allergol. 1969 Sep;24(3):216-25. Intermittent therapy with potassium iodide in chronic obstructive disease of the airways. A review of 10 years’ experience - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5395878
2. Nicola JP, Reyna-Neyra A, Carrasco N, Masini-Repiso AM. J Physiol. 2012;590 (Pt 23):6013-26.
3. Bernard A. Eskin et al. Rat mammary gland atypia produced by iodine blockade with perchlorate. Cancer Res. 1975 Sep;35(9):2332-9
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/9/2332
4. Stoddard FR 2nd, Brooks AD, Eskin BA, Johannes GJ. Iodine alters gene expression in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line: evidence for an anti-estrogen effect of iodine. Int J Med Sci. 2008;5 (4):189-96.
5. Hoption Cann SA1, Qiu Z, van Netten C; Nutr Cancer. 2007;58(1):28-34. A prospective study of iodine status, thyroid function, and prostate cancer risk: follow-up of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
6. Behrouzian R, Aghdami N. Urinary iodine/creatinine ratio in patients with stomach cancer in Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2004;10:921-4.
7. Golkowski F, Szybiski Z, Rachtan J, et al. Iodine prophylaxisthe protective factor against stomach cancer in iodine deficient areas. Eur J Nutr. 2007;46(5):251-6.
8. Mitsuki Tanaka, Ichise Koji, Ichitaro Fujioka, Mariko Sato et al; Impact of low iodine density tumor area ratio on the local control of non-small cell lung cancer through stereotactic body radiotherapy, J Radiat Res. 2021 May; 62(3): 448–456.
9. Finley JW, Bogardus, GM. Breast Cancer and Thyroid Disease Quart. Review Surg Obstet Gyn 17:139-147, 1960
10. The Impact of Iodine Concentration Disorders on Health and Cancer; Mateusz Winder et al; Nutrients. 2022 Jun; 14(11): 2209.
Published online 2022 May 26.
11. Urinary Iodine Concentrations in cancer patients; Saeed Kagar et al; Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017; 18(3): 819–821
12. .Molecular Iodine Has Extrathyroidal Effects as an Antioxidant, Differentiator, and Immunomodulator; Carmen Aceves et al; Int J Mol Sci
. 2021 Jan 27;22(3):1228.
13. Iodine induces apoptosis via regulating MAPKs-related p53, p21, and Bcl-xL in thyroid cancer cells; Xioo Hong Liu et al; Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Volume 320, Issues 1–2, 14 May 2010, Pages 128-135
14. Enzyme's Cancer-promoting Activities Linked To Inactivation Of 'Genome Guardian', Baylor College of Medicine; ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 October 2007.